Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with the risk of multiple sclerosis, disease activity
and progression. Results from in vitro experiments, animal models and analysis of human …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, immune-mediated demyelinating disease of the central
nervous system. Animal models of MS have been critical for elucidating MS pathological …

Meninges cover the surface of the brain and spinal cord and contribute to protection and
immune surveillance of the central nervous system (CNS). How the meningeal layers …

T lymphocytes encounter complex mechanical cues during an immune response. The
mechanosensitive ion channel, Piezo1, drives inflammatory responses to bacterial …

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and immune cell infiltration into the central nervous
system (CNS) are early hallmarks of multiple sclerosis (MS). High numbers of CD8+ T cells …

The choroid plexus (ChP) has been suggested as an alternative central nervous system
(CNS) entry site for CCR6+ Th17 cells during the initiation of experimental autoimmune …

The tight junction protein claudin-3 has been identified as a transcriptional target of the
Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway regulating blood-brain barrier (BBB) maturation. In …

Oligodendrocytes (ODCs) are myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS)
supporting neuronal survival. Oxidants and mitochondrial dysfunction have been suggested …

Signaling by insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is essential for the development of the
central nervous system (CNS) and regulates neuronal survival and myelination in the adult …

In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis
(MS), myelin-specific T cells are activated in the periphery and differentiate in T helper (Th) 1 …