Abstract The 2 nd International Conference on Controversies in Vitamin D was held in
Monteriggioni (Siena), Italy, September 11-14, 2018. The aim of this meeting was to address …

The vascular endothelium is a dynamic, functionally complex organ, modulating multiple
biological processes, including vascular tone and permeability, inflammatory responses …

Mineral bone disease (MBD) is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD)
characterized by disruption of normal mineral homeostasis within the body. One or more of …

Understanding of vitamin D physiology is important because about half of the population is
being diagnosed with deficiency and treated with supplements. Clinical guidelines were …

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in patients with chronic kidney
disease (CKD). Multiple factors account for the increased incidence of cardiovascular …

Abstract Vitamin D (VD3, cholecalciferol), besides its role on bone calcium homeostasis, has
also been shown to present anti-inflammatory actions. The objectives of the present work …

Background Vascular calcification, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is common
among patients with CKD and is an independent contributor to increased vascular stiffness …

Background Low 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with an increased risk of
cardiovascular events, but the effect of vitamin D supplementation on markers of vascular …

The global prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing with the aging of
populations worldwide. As kidney function declines, the accumulation of metabolic waste …

Context A large body of experimental and observational data has implicated vitamin D
deficiency in the development of cardiovascular disease. However, evidence to support …