▪ Abstract The functional causes of life history trade-offs have been a topic of interest to
evolutionary biologists for over six decades. Our review of life history trade-offs discusses …

Trade-offs and constraints are inherent to life, and studies of these phenomena play a
central role in both organismal and evolutionary biology. Trade-offs can be defined …

Speciation is the origin of reproductive isolation and divergence between populations,
according to the “biological species concept” of Mayr. Studies of reproductive isolation have …

Glucocorticoids hormones (GC s) are intuitively important for mediation of age‐dependent
vertebrate life‐history transitions through their effects on ontogeny alongside underpinning …

Life history theory seeks to explain the evolution of the major features of life cycles by
analyzing the ecological factors that shape age-specific schedules of growth, reproduction …

The negative co‐variation of life‐history traits such as fecundity and lifespan across species
suggests the existence of ubiquitous trade‐offs. Mechanistically, trade‐offs result from the …

Little is known about the physiological and behavioral changes that expectant fathers
undergo prior to the birth of their babies. We measured hormone concentrations and …

A large body of evidence indicates that individual differences in baseline concentrations of
testosterone (T) are only weakly correlated with human aggression. Importantly, T …

We approach conceptual issues in evolutionary biology from an endocrinological
perspective, noting that single hormones typically act on several target tissues and thereby …

Understanding how traits are integrated at the organismal level remains a fundamental
problem at the interface of developmental and evolutionary biology. Hormones, regulatory …