Advances in the carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2. 1.1) research over the last three decades
are presented, with an emphasis on the deciphering of the activation mechanism, the …

For nearly a decade, the metazoan-focused research community has explored the impacts
of ocean acidification (OA) on marine animals, noting that changes in ocean chemistry can …

The flowering phenology of early-blooming plants is largely determined by snowmelt timing
in high-latitude and high-altitude ecosystems. When the synchrony of flowering and …

Hard, or stony, corals make rocks that can, on geological time scales, lead to the formation of
massive reefs in shallow tropical and subtropical seas. In both historical and contemporary …

The assignment of a symbolic representation to a specific numerosity is a fundamental
requirement for humans solving complex mathematical calculations used in diverse …

High pCO2 habitats and their populations provide an unparalleled opportunity to assess
how species may survive under future ocean acidification conditions, and help to reveal the …

Standing genetic variation is important for population persistence in extreme environmental
conditions. While some species may have the capacity to adapt to predicted average future …

The emission of greenhouse gases has grown in unprecedented levels since the beginning
of the industrial era. As a result, global climate changes, such as heightened global …

Background Ocean acidification (OA), a change in ocean chemistry due to the absorption of
atmospheric CO 2 into surface oceans, challenges biogenic calcification in many marine …

Coral skeletons are materials composed of inorganic aragonitic fibres and organic
molecules including proteins, sugars and lipids that are highly organized to form a solid …