Both mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation are implicated in neurodegeneration
and neurodegenerative diseases. Accumulating evidence shows multiple links between …

Growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) belongs to the transforming growth factor-β
(TGF-β) superfamily of proteins. Glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family receptor α …

Periodontitis is a common type of inflammatory bone loss and a risk factor for systemic
diseases. The pathogenesis of periodontitis involves inflammatory dysregulation, which …

This article reviews recent developments in the application of cell-free DNA-based liquid
biopsies to neurological diseases. Over the past few decades, an explosion of interest in the …

The mitochondrion is an intracellular organelle thought to originate from endosymbiosis
between an ancestral eukaryotic cell and an α-proteobacterium. Mitochondria are the …

Exposure to microgravity and ionizing radiation during spaceflight missions causes
excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production that contributes to cellular stress and …

One of the most striking hallmarks shared by various neurodegenerative diseases, including
Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, is microglia …

Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis. We previously reported that DNA
damage was accumulated in atherosclerotic plaque, and was increased in human …

Inflammatory responses, including glial cell activation and peripheral immune cell infiltration,
are involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). These inflammatory …

Mitochondria are regarded as the metabolic centers of cells and are integral in many other
cell processes, including the immune response. Each mitochondrion contains numerous …