Humanized immune system mouse models: progress, challenges and opportunities | Nature
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Natural killer (NK) cells are effector cells of the innate immune system and are important in
the control of viral infections. Their relevance is reflected by the multiple mechanisms …

Adaptive immune responses are defined as antigen sensitization–dependent and antigen-
specific responses leading to establishment of long-lived immunological memory. Although …

An effective strategy to cure HIV will likely require a potent and sustained antiviral T cell
response. Here we explored the utility of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, expressing …

Chronic immune activation, immunosuppression, and T cell exhaustion are hallmarks of HIV
infection, yet the mechanisms driving these processes are unclear. Chronic activation can …

A major limitation of current humanized mouse models is that they primarily enable the
analysis of human-specific pathogens that infect hematopoietic cells. However, most human …

Since the late 1980s, mice have been repopulated with human hematopoietic cells to study
the fundamental biology of human hematopoiesis and immunity, as well as a broad range of …

Work with human specific viruses will greatly benefit from the use of an in vivo system that
provides human target cells and tissues in a physiological setting. In this regard humanized …

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response is
critical in controlling HIV infection. Since the immune response does not eliminate HIV, it …

Immunodeficient mice engrafted with human cells and tissues have provided an exciting
alternative to in vitro studies with human tissues and nonhuman primates for the study of …