Experimental evolution is the study of evolutionary processes occurring in experimental
populations in response to conditions imposed by the experimenter. This research approach …

In recent years, biologists have increasingly been asking whether the ability to evolve—the
evolvability—of biological systems, itself evolves, and whether this phenomenon is the result …

Evolution provides a creative fount of complex and subtle adaptations that often surprise the
scientists who discover them. However, the creativity of evolution is not limited to the natural …

Avida is a software platform for experiments with self-replicating and evolving computer
programs. It provides detailed control over experimental settings and protocols, a large array …

Why isn't random variation always deleterious? Are there factors that sometimes make
adaptation easier? Biological systems are extraordinarily robust to perturbation by …

Despite many years of theoretical and experimental work, the explanation for why sex is so
common as a reproductive strategy continues to resist understanding. Recent empirical work …

Since Bateson's discovery that genes can suppress the phenotypic effects of other genes,
gene interactions—called epistasis—have been the topic of a vast research effort. Systems …

Microbiology research has recently undergone major developments that have led to great
progress towards obtaining an integrated view of microbial cell function. Microbial genetics …

In this review, we discuss modularity and hierarchy in biological systems. We review
examples from protein structure, genetics, and biological networks of modular partitioning of …

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