Cytoplasmic vacuolization (also called cytoplasmic vacuolation) is a well-known
morphological phenomenon observed in mammalian cells after exposure to bacterial or viral …

Virus‐induced oxidative stress plays a critical role in the viral life cycle as well as the
pathogenesis of viral diseases. In response to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by …

Innate, inflammation-based immunity is the first line of vertebrate defence against micro-
organisms. Inflammation relies on a number of cellular and molecular effectors that can …

The expression of phase-II detoxification and antioxidant enzymes is governed by a cis-
acting regulatory element named the antioxidant response element (ARE). ARE-containing …

Abstract Gulf War Illness (GWI), a chronic multisymptom health problem, afflicts~ 30% of
veterans served in the first GW. Impaired brain function is among the most significant …

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) induced Coronavirus
Disease-19 (COVID-19) cases have been increasing at an alarming rate (7.4 million positive …

Ataxia-telangiectasia (AT) is a genetic disorder caused by a mutation of the Atm gene, which
controls DNA repair, cell cycling, and redox homeostasis. Even though oxidative stress has …

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a homeostatic mechanism, which is used by cells to
adapt to intercellular and intracellular changes. Moreover, ER stress is closely linked to …

Enduring brain dysfunction is amid the highly manifested symptoms in veterans with Gulf
War Illness (GWI). Animal studies have established that lasting brain dysfunction in GWI is …

Oxidative stress has been implicated in various human diseases, including the
pathogenesis of hepatitis C virus (HCV). Previous studies have shown the induction of …