This article analyses the state of democracy around the world in 2021. The level of
democracy enjoyed by the average global citizen in 2021 was down to 1989 levels. In 2021 …

We use doubly robust difference‐in‐differences models to estimate the causal effect of
successful coups on national incomes. We find that real per capita gross domestic product …

There is scant systematic empirical evidence on what explains variation in academic
freedom. Making use of a new indicator and panel data covering 64 countries 1960–2017 …

The issue of what explains differences in the wealth of nations is one of the most classic in
economics. We propose de facto academic freedom as an explanatory variable. The main …

There is a long-standing debate over the impact of coups on democratization. Some argue
that coups can help promote transitions to democratic rule. Yet, others contend that coups …

Os golpes de Estado têm marcado a história, da época moderna aos dias atuais, como
mostra o filósofo Newton Bignotto neste novo livro, um instigante panorama das teorias que …

This paper analyzes the effect of US economic sanctions on sovereign debt default across
118 developing nations from 1980 to 2018. We use entropy balancing method, and provide …

This paper conducts a systematic review and comparative analysis of the institutional
impacts of nonviolent versus violent revolutions. It examines sixty-six quantitative studies …

A key dilemma facing a military which considers democratization is whether it is confident
that civilians will protect its interests. A military's confidence is a function of three factors …

Political regimes will survive even intense mass protests as long as the security elite
abstains from defecting. However, empirical and theoretical work has shown that coups, as …