The history of Randall's plaque research and the Anderson–Carr–Randall progression is
reviewed. Proximal intratubular mineral deposits in normal and Randall's plaque affected …

Mammalian kidneys play an essential role in balancing internal water and salt
concentrations. When water needs to be conserved, the renal medulla produces …

Abstract The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of
the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an …

Background To the knowledge of the authors, urinary osmolarity is the only tool currently
available to assess kidney corticomedullary gradient (CMG). Comparisons between CMG …

Intercalated cells (ICs) in the kidney collecting duct have a versatile role in acid–base and
electrolyte regulation along with the host immune defense. Located in the terminal kidney …

Urea transporter (UT) proteins, including UT-A in kidney tubule epithelia and UT-B in vasa
recta microvessels, facilitate urinary concentrating function. A screen for UT-A inhibitors was …

Objectives To describe a new hypothesis for the initial events leading to urinary stones. A
biomechanical perspective on Randall's plaque formation through form and function …

Conventional diuretics such as furosemide and thiazides target salt transporters in kidney
tubules, but urea transporters (UTs) have emerged as alternative targets. UTs are a family of …

Renal medullary function is characterized by corticopapillary concentration gradients of
various molecules. One example is the generally decreasing axial gradient in oxygen …

For adaptation to high-salinity marine environments, cartilaginous fishes (sharks, skates,
rays, and chimaeras) adopt a unique urea-based osmoregulation strategy. Their kidneys …