Replicated international studies have underscored the human and societal costs associated
with major depressive disorder. Despite the proven efficacy of monoamine-based …

Ketamine, a racemic mixture consisting of (S)-and (R)-ketamine, has been in clinical use
since 1970. Although best characterized for its dissociative anesthetic properties, ketamine …

Glutamate and dopamine systems play distinct roles in terms of neuronal signalling, yet both
have been proposed to contribute significantly to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. In …

Economics and mental health are intertwined. Apart from the accumulating evidence of the
huge economic impacts of mental ill‐health, and the growing recognition of the effects that …

The NMDA-R hypofunction model of schizophrenia started with the clinical observation of
the precipitation of psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia exposed to PCP or …

The structure of neuronal circuits that subserve cognitive functions in the brain is shaped
and refined throughout development and into adulthood. Evidence from human and animal …

Importance Ketamine hydrochloride is increasingly used to treat depression and other
psychiatric disorders but can induce schizophrenia-like or psychotomimetic symptoms …

For more than 50 years, ketamine has proven to be a safe anesthetic drug with potent
analgesic properties. The active enantiomer is S (+)‐ketamine. Ketamine is mostly …

Mental illness modeling is still a major challenge for scientists. Animal models of
schizophrenia are essential to gain a better understanding of the disease etiopathology and …

Aims Ketamine remains an important medicine in both specialist anaesthesia and aspects of
pain management. At the same time, its use as a recreational drug has spread in many parts …