Covering: up to the end of 2010 Saponins are polar molecules that consist of a triterpene or
steroid aglycone with one or more sugar chains. They are one of the most numerous and …

Adjuvants are an essential component of modern vaccine development. Despite many
decades of development, only a few types of adjuvants are currently included in vaccines …

One of the most widely used and potent immunological adjuvants is a mixture of soluble
triterpene glycosides purified from the soap bark tree (Quillaja saponaria). Despite …

Vaccination is one of the most effective and cost-benefit interventions that prevent the
mortality and reduce morbidity from infectious pathogens. However, the licensed influenza …

This review highlights the recent development in the use of carriers of increasing simplicities
and versatile chemical ligation processes leading to synthetic vaccine candidates against …

Conspectus Vaccines based on molecular subunit antigens are increasingly being
investigated due to their improved safety and more precise targeting compared to classical …

The advent of mass vaccination has saved millions of human lives and revolutionized the
quality of life. Vaccination is currently one of the most cost effective ways of managing …

Vaccines that protect against intracellular infections such as malaria, Leishmania and
Chlamydia require strong cellular responses based on CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells in …

Immunotherapy directed against tau is a promising treatment strategy for Alzheimer's
Disease (AD) and tauopathies. We review initial studies on tau-directed immunotherapy …

The ever-increasing emergence of the resistance of mammalian tumor cells to
chemotherapy and its severe side effects reduces the clinical efficacy of a large variety of …