Not all floral visitors attracted to flowers are pollinators. Instead, some visitors circumvent the
floral opening, usually removing nectar without contacting the anthers and/or stigma. Here …

Plants produce nectar to attract pollinators in the case of floral nectar (FN) and defenders in
the case of extrafloral nectar (EFN). Whereas nectars must function in the context of plant …

Mutualisms (interspecific cooperative interactions) are ubiquitously exploited by organisms
that obtain the benefits mutualists offer, while delivering no benefits in return. The natural …

Introduced species can have cascading effects on ecological communities, but indirect
effects of species introductions are rarely the focus of ecological studies. For example …

Nectar robbers are birds, insects, or other flower visitors that remove nectar from flowers
through a hole pierced or bitten in the corolla. This paper is a review of the effects of nectar …

Production of many flowering crops often benefits from elevated pollinator diversity and
abundance. Nevertheless, the opposite relationship may arise if bees impair fruit or seed …

Increasing honey demand and global coverage of pollinator-dependent crops within the
context of global pollinator declines have accelerated international trade in managed bees …

Many insects and other animals that visit flowers are not mutualistic pollinators, but rather"
behavioral robbers" which pierce flowers to extract nectar, and" thieves" which enter flowers …

Invasive, alien plants and pollinators have varying effects on their interaction partners,
ranging from highly beneficial to strongly detrimental. To understand these contrasting …

El bosque templado de Sudamérica austral (BTSA) se caracteriza por poseer un biota
altamente endémica y una flora que exhibe una de las más altas incidencias de …