Established animal cells, such as Vero, Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) or chicken
embryo fibroblasts (CEFs), are still the main cell lines used for viral vaccine production …

Duck circovirus (DuCV) is a small, nonenveloped, single-stranded DNA virus with
immunosuppressive effects on ducks that leads to slow growth and elevated mortality …

Chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) has a single‐stranded, circular DNA genome of
approximately 2.3 kb coding for three viral proteins (VP). VP1 codes for the structural capsid …

Background Mass vaccination of dogs as important rabies reservoir is proposed to most
effectively reduce and eliminate rabies also in humans. However, a minimum coverage of …

Introduction Duck circovirus (DuCV) infection is currently recognized as an important
immunosuppressive disease in commercial duck flocks in China. Specific antibodies against …

Veterinary vaccines contribute to food security, interrupt zoonotic transmissions, and help to
maintain overall health in livestock. Although vaccines are usually cost-effective, their …

Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV), a member of genus circovirus, is a small, non-
enveloped, single stranded DNA virus. Although BFDVs are among the most well studied …

The primary cell culture was derived from duck embryonic tissue, digested with collagenase
type I. The existence of cell colonies with epithelial-like morphology, named duck embryo …

An internationally recognized syndrome that leads to deaths among domestic and
ornamental pigeons, particularly after racing, is young pigeon disease syndrome (YPDS) …

Routine culturing of goose haemorrhagic polyomavirus (GHPV) is cumbersome, and limited
data are available about its replication and gene expression profile. In this study, goose …