The ventral tegmental area dopamine (VTA-DA) mesolimbic circuit processes emotional,
motivational, and social reward associations together with their more demanding cognitive …

The physiological stress response is responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis in the
presence of real or perceived challenges. In this function, the brain activates adaptive …

In response to stress, the brain activates several neuropeptide-secreting systems. This
eventually leads to the release of adrenal corticosteroid hormones, which subsequently feed …

Animals respond to stress by activating a wide array of behavioral and physiological
responses that are collectively referred to as the stress response. Corticotropin-releasing …

Since corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) was first characterized, a growing family of ligands
and receptors has evolved. The mammalian family members include CRF, urocortinI (UcnI) …

Major depression, with its strikingly high prevalence, is the most common cause of disability
in communities of Western type, according to data of the World Health Organization. Stress …

Ghrelin, a circulating appetite-inducing hormone, is derived from a prohormone by
posttranslational processing. On the basis of the bioinformatic prediction that another …

Fear is an adaptive component of the acute “stress” response to potentially-dangerous
(external and internal) stimuli which threaten to perturb homeostasis. However, when …

The peptide hormone urocortin3 (Ucn3) is abundantly expressed by mature beta cells, yet its
physiological role is unknown. Here we demonstrate that Ucn3 is stored and co-released …

Stress is defined as a state of perturbed homeostasis following endangerment that evokes
manifold adaptive reactions, which are summarized as the stress response. In the case of …