Children born small for gestational age (SGA), defined as a birth weight and/or length
below− 2 SD score (SDS), comprise a heterogeneous group. The causes of SGA are …

Microtia is a congenital anomaly of the ear that ranges in severity from mild structural
abnormalities to complete absence of the ear, and can occur as an isolated birth defect or as …

As modern humans migrated out of Africa, they encountered many new environmental
conditions, including greater temperature extremes, different pathogens and higher …

Background The indigenous child population in Ecuador has a high prevalence of stunting.
There is limited evidence of the association between breastfeeding, feeding practices, and …

Background: Birth defects are a leading cause of neonatal mortality. Natural gas
development (NGD) emits several potential teratogens, and US production of natural gas is …

Intrauterine stress induces increased risk of adult disease through fetal programming
mechanisms. Oxidative stress can be generated by several conditions, such as, prenatal …

Hypoxia is one of the most common and severe challenges to the maintenance of
homeostasis. Oxygen sensing is a property of all tissues, and the response to hypoxia is …

Abstract The Tibetan and Andean Plateaus and Ethiopian highlands are the largest regions
to have long-term high-altitude residents. Such populations are exposed to lower barometric …

Adverse environments during the fetal and neonatal development period may permanently
program physiology and metabolism, and lead to increased risk of diseases in later life …

Beside genetic and life-style characteristics environmental factors may profoundly influence
mortality and life expectancy. The high altitude climate comprises a set of conditions bearing …