This review highlights recent evidence from clinical and basic science studies supporting a
role for estrogen in neuroprotection. Accumulated clinical evidence suggests that estrogen …

The brain is not only immunologically active of its own accord, but also has complex
peripheral immune interactions. Given the central role of cytokines in …

Immune attacks are key issues for cell transplantation. To assess the safety and the immune
reactions after iPS cells-derived retinal pigment epithelium (iPS-RPE) transplantation, we …

Background and Purpose Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a pleiotropic cytokine that
rapidly upregulates in the brain after injury. The present study was designed to explore the …

Microglia can be isolated with high purity but low yield by shaking off loosely adherent cells
from mixed glial cultures. Here we describe a new technique for isolating microglia with an …

The role of glial inflammatory processes in Alzheimer's disease has been highlighted by
recent epidemiological work establishing head trauma as an important risk factor, and the …

Three major cytokines, namely, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1, and IL-6 are
produced by cultured brain cells after various stimuli such as ischemia. Neurones …

Microglial cells are believed to play an active role in brain inflammatory, immune and
degenerative processes. Depending on the magnitude of microglial reaction, on the type of …

Interleukins 1α and 1β (IL‐1) are very potent signaling molecules that are expressed
normally at low levels, but are induced rapidly in response to local or peripheral insults. IL‐1 …

The decline in mental fitness associated with Alzheimer disease is accompanied by physical
changes in the brain, including the development of characteristic plaques and neurofibrillary …