Bipolar disorders (BDs) are recurrent and sometimes chronic disorders of mood that affect
around 2% of the world's population and encompass a spectrum between severe elevated …

Background Excess mortality is a critical hallmark of bipolar disorder (BD) due to co‐
occurring general medical disorders and especially from suicide. It is timely to review of the …

Introduction Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic mental illness impacting 1–2% of the
population worldwide and causing high rates of functional impairment. Patients with BD …

Bipolar depression (BD-D) is both common and incredibly challenging to treat. Even treated
individuals with BD-D experience depression approximately 19% of the time, and …

In this review, we provide an overview of essential clinical trials examining the effect of vagal
nerve stimulation (VNS) in treatment-resistant depression (TRD), the applicable …

Aims Bipolar disorders are clinically complex, chronic and recurrent disorders. Few
treatment options are effective across hypomanic, manic, depressive and mixed states and …

Background Major depressive disorder is a complex heterogeneous disorder. Treatment is
especially challenging for patients with “difficult-to-treat depression”(DTD): a less …

Objectives Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a mainstay in both acute and long-term
management of difficult-to-treat depression. However, frequent acute courses of ECT or …

Recent studies have reported that the gut microbiota influences mood and cognitive function
through the gut-brain axis, which is involved in the pathophysiology of neurocognitive and …

Background A substantial number of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) do not
sufficiently remit after the first lines of antidepressant treatments, making them vulnerable to …