Nearly 2.3 million individuals worldwide are coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Odds of HCV infection are six times higher in people living …

There is consensus that hepatitis C virus-specific T cells play a central role in the outcome,
clearance versus persistence, of acute infection and that they contribute to protection against …

ABSTRACT A number of emerging molecules and pathways have been implicated in
mediating the T-cell exhaustion characteristic of chronic viral infection. Not all dysfunctional …

Exhausted CD8+ T cell responses during chronic viral infections are defined by a complex
expression pattern of inhibitory receptors. However, very little information is currently …

Background & Aims Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is characterised by a failure of
virus-specific CD8+ T cells that is mainly caused by viral escape and T cell exhaustion …

Infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is associated with persistence in the majority of
individuals. We demonstrate here that the inhibitory molecule programmed death-1 (PD-1) is …

Therapeutic vaccination is a potentially promising strategy to enhance T cell immunity and
viral control in chronically infected individuals. However, therapeutic vaccination …

In cancer and chronic viral infections, T cells are exposed to persistent antigen stimulation.
This results in expression of multiple inhibitory receptors also called “immune checkpoints” …

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and
death; it is estimated that 180 million persons are infected with HCV worldwide. The …

In the past few years, we have witnessed extraordinary advances in the understanding of the
functions of regulatory T (Treg) cells in immunity against pathogens. However, controversy …