The link between cancer metabolism and immunosuppression, inflammation and immune
escape has generated major interest in investigating the effects of low pH on tumor …

Cancer, one of major threats to the human health, possesses intricate structure and
constituents distinctive from normal organs and tissues. It has been well recognized that the …

While cancer is commonly described as “a disease of the genes,” it is also associated with
massive metabolic reprogramming that is now accepted as a disease “Hallmark.” This …

Eukaryotes use autophagy as a mechanism for maintaining cellular homeostasis by
degrading and recycling organelles and proteins. This process assists in the proliferation …

Acidic extracellular pH is a major feature of tumor tissue, extracellular acidification being
primarily considered to be due to lactate secretion from anaerobic glycolysis …

The high metabolic rate of tumours often leads to acidosis and hypoxia in poorly perfused
regions. Tumour cells have thus evolved the ability to function in a more acidic environment …

The conversion of cells with an epithelial phenotype into cells with a mesenchymal
phenotype, referred to as epithelial–mesenchymal transition, is a critical process for …

Intense interest in the'Warburg effect'has been revived by the discovery that hypoxia-
inducible factor 1 (HIF1) reprogrammes pyruvate oxidation to lactic acid conversion; lactic …

Stimulating the effector functions of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TIL) in primary and
metastatic tumors could improve active and adoptive T-cell therapies for cancer. Abnormal …

The vacuolar ATPases (V-ATPases) are a family of proton pumps that couple ATP hydrolysis
to proton transport into intracellular compartments and across the plasma membrane. They …