Supercell thunderstorms develop low-level rotation via tilting of environmental horizontal
vorticity (ω h) by the updraft. This rotation induces dynamic lifting that can stretch near …

Hundreds of supercell proximity soundings obtained for field programs over the central
United States are analyzed to reconcile differences in recent studies and to refine our …

Hailstorms pose a significant socioeconomic risk, necessitating detailed assessments of
how the hail threat changes throughout their lifetimes. Hail production involves the favorable …

This article introduces a novel hypothesis for the role of vertical wind shear (“shear”) in deep
convection initiation (DCI). In this hypothesis, initial moist updrafts that exceed a width and …

This article introduces an analytic formula for entraining convective available potential
energy (ECAPE) with an entrainment rate that is determined directly from an environmental …

Sufficient low-level storm-relative flow is a necessary ingredient for sustained supercell
thunderstorms and is connected to supercell updraft width. Assuming a supercell exists, the …

Observational and modeling efforts have explored the formation and maintenance of
mesovortices, which contribute to severe hazards in quasi-linear convective systems …

The influence of vertical wind shear on updraft entrainment in squall lines is not well
understood. To address this knowledge gap, a suite of high-resolution idealized numerical …

This study evaluates a hypothesis for the role of vertical wind shear in deep convection
initiation (DCI) that was introduced in Part I by examining behavior of a series of numerical …

A total of 257 supercell proximity soundings obtained for field programs over the central
United States are compared with profiles extracted from the SPC mesoscale analysis system …