The neurobiological processes by which ethanol seeking and consumption are established
and maintained are thought to involve areas of the brain that mediate motivated behavior …

Individuals diagnosed with anxiety‐related illnesses are at increased risk of developing
alcoholism, exhibit a telescoped progression of this disease and fare worse in recovery …

The role of the dopamine (DA) system in brain reward mechanisms and the development of
substance abuse has been well established. We review earlier animal and human studies …

We performed a quantitative microdialysis study to determine whether the increase in
dialysate dopamine from the nucleus accumbens caused by intraperitoneal administration of …

Background: This present study was designed to clarify the role of dopamine in the nucleus
accumbens during operant ethanol self‐administration by separating bar pressing (ethanol …

Background: Experimental evidence suggests that ethanol alters the activity of the
endogenous opioid peptide systems in a dose and brain‐region dependent manner. These …

Background Increasing evidence suggests that chronic ethanol exposure decreases
dopamine (DA) neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), contributing to a …

Neural circuit engagement within the nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell is implicated in the
regulation of both negative and positive affect. Classically, the dynorphin/kappa opioid …

Background Early‐life stress is associated with increased vulnerability to alcohol addiction.
However, the neural substrates linking chronic childhood/adolescent stress and increased …

Background: Dopamine concentrations in the nucleus accumbens fluctuate on phasic
(subsecond) and tonic (over minutes) timescales in awake rats. Acute ethanol increases …