The view that substance addiction is a brain disease, although widely accepted in the
neuroscience community, has become subject to acerbic criticism in recent years. These …

Drug consumption is driven by a drug's pharmacological effects, which are experienced as
rewarding, and is influenced by genetic, developmental, and psychosocial factors that …

Adolescenceâ€" beginning with the onset of puberty and ending in the mid-20sâ€" is a
critical period of development during which key areas of the brain mature and develop …

Human beings differ in their socioeconomic status (SES), with accompanying differences in
physical and mental health as well as cognitive ability. Although SES has long been used as …

Background Adverse psychosocial exposures in early life, namely experiences such as child
maltreatment, caregiver stress or depression, and domestic or community violence, have …

Exposures to adverse environments, both psychosocial and physicochemical, are prevalent
and consequential across a broad range of childhood populations. Such adversity …

Recent scientific and technological advances have brought us closer to being able to apply
a true biopsychosocial approach to the study of resilience in humans. Decades of research …

Adversity early in life is common and is a major risk factor for the onset of psychopathology.
Delineating the neurodevelopmental pathways by which early adversity affects mental …

Background Neighborhood disadvantage has consistently been associated with mental
health and cognitive function, in addition to alterations in brain function and connectivity …

Socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with health (physical and mental) and cognitive
ability. Understanding and ameliorating the problems of low SES have long been goals of …