Research on morality has increased rapidly over the past 10 years. At the center of this
research are moral judgments—evaluative judgments that a perceiver makes in response to …

Pride, shame, and guilt color our highest and lowest personal moments. Recent evidence
suggests that these self-conscious emotions are neurocognitive adaptations crafted by …

Across societies, humans punish norm violations. To date, research on the antecedents and
consequences of punishment has largely relied upon agent-based modeling and laboratory …

Fines, corporal punishments, and other procedures of punitive justice recur across small-
scale societies. Although they are often assumed to enforce group norms, we here propose …

What is social pressure, and how could it be adaptive to conform to others' expectations?
Existing accounts highlight the importance of reputation and social sanctions. Yet, conformist …

Norms permeate human life. Most of people's activities can be characterized by rules about
what is appropriate, allowed, required, or forbidden—rules that are crucial in making people …

Humans are outstanding in their ability to cooperate with unrelated individuals, and
punishment–paying a cost to harm others–is thought to be a key supporting mechanism …

Direct and indirect reciprocity are two fundamental mechanisms that promote prosocial
behavior within groups and across societies. Here, we review recent work that illustrates …

Responding to wrongdoing is a core feature of our social lives. Indeed, a central assumption
of modern institutional justice systems is that transgressors should be punished. In this …

We conducted a series of meta-analytic tests on experiments in which participants read
perspective-taking instructions—that is, written instructions to imagine a distressed persons' …