Physiological conversion of the maternal spiral arteries is key to a successful human
pregnancy. It involves loss of smooth muscle and the elastic lamina from the vessel wall as …

During early placentation the trophoblast of the human placenta differentiates to the villous
and extravillous types of trophoblast. Villous trophoblast provides the epithelial cover of the …

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is defined as the failure of the fetus to meet its growth potential
due to a pathological factor, most commonly placental dysfunction. Worldwide, FGR is a …

In the UK, about one in 200 infants is stillborn, and rates of stillbirth have recently slightly
increased. This recent rise might reflect increasing frequency of some important maternal …

Elevated expression of soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (sFlt-1) in
preeclampsia plays a major role in the pathogenesis of this serious disorder of human …

In the first trimester the extravillous cytotrophoblast cells occlude the uterine spiral arterioles
creating a low oxygen environment early in pregnancy, which is essential for pregnancy …

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is often the result of placental insufficiency and is
characterized by insufficient transplacental transport of nutrients and oxygen. The main …

Placental pathology is a valuable link explaining how underlying pregnancy risk factors
result in adverse pregnancy outcome. This potentially useful information is currently …

Background Screening and monitoring in pregnancy are strategies used by healthcare
providers to identify high-risk pregnancies so that they can provide more targeted and …

Preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) are major contributors to perinatal
mortality and morbidity worldwide. Both are characterized by impaired trophoblastic invasion …