Live attenuated oral polio vaccine (OPV) and inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) are the tools
being used to achieve eradication of wild polio virus. Because OPV can rarely cause …

Poliomyelitis has appeared in epidemic form, become endemic on a global scale, and been
reduced to near-elimination, all within the span of documented medical history. Epidemics of …

Background Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines are an expensive component of the routine
immunization schedule. Fractional-dose regimens may be one option to increase the …

Vaccines are recognized worldwide as one of the most important tools for combating
infectious diseases. Despite the tremendous value conferred by currently available vaccines …

Poliomyelitis is an acute paralytic disease caused by three poliovirus (PV) serotypes. Less
than 1% of PV infections result in acute flaccid paralysis. The disease was controlled using …

Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) may be used in mass vaccination campaigns during the
final stages of polio eradication. It is also likely to be adopted by many countries following …

Background Vaccine supply shortages are of global concern. We hypothesise that
intradermal (ID) immunisation as an alternative to standard routes might augment vaccine …

Delivery of vaccine antigens to the dermis and/or epidermis of human skin (ie intradermal
delivery) might be more efficient than injection into the muscle or subcutaneous tissue …

In 2019, an 'influenza pandemic'and 'vaccine hesitancy'were listed as two of the top 10
challenges to global health by the WHO. The skin is a unique vaccination site, due to its …

MERS-coronavirus is a novel zoonotic pathogen which spread rapidly to> 25 countries since
2012. Its apparent endemicity and the wide spread of its reservoir host (dromedary camels) …