The evolution of ocean temperature measurement systems is presented with a focus on the
development and accuracy of two critical devices in use today (expendable …

Geodesy, the oldest science, has become an important discipline in the geosciences, in
large part by enhancing Global Positioning System (GPS) capabilities over the last 35 years …

Abstract The Greenland Ice Sheet has been a major contributor to global sea-level rise in
recent decades,, and it is expected to continue to be so. Although increases in glacier flow …

Abstract The Antarctic Ice Sheet is an important indicator of climate change and driver of sea-
level rise. Here we combine satellite observations of its changing volume, flow and …

We combined an ensemble of satellite altimetry, interferometry, and gravimetry data sets
using common geographical regions, time intervals, and models of surface mass balance …

ABSTRACT A new model of the deglaciation history of Antarctica over the past 25 kyr has
been developed, which we refer to herein as ICE-6G_C (VM5a). This revision of its …

Ice losses from the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets have accelerated since the 1990s,
accounting for a significant increase in global mean sea level. Here, we present a new 29 …

We develop a 3-D finite-element model to study the viscoelastic response of a compressible
Earth to surface loads. The effects of centre of mass motion, polar wander feedback, and self …

Measuring sea level change and understanding its causes has considerably improved in the
recent years, essentially because new in situ and remote sensing observations have …

To understand how planet Earth works we study it increasingly as a system–a collection of
interdependent parts or spheres–the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the cryosphere, the …