This article is based on a consensus conference, which took place in Certosa di Pontignano,
Siena (Italy) on March 7–9, 2008, intended to update the previous safety guidelines for the …

BACKGROUND: The growing use of transcranial electric and magnetic (EM) brain
stimulation in basic research and in clinical applications necessitates a clear understanding …

Electromagnetic source characterisation requires accurate volume conductor models
representing head geometry and the electrical conductivity field. Head tissue conductivity is …

The spatial resolution of conventional transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is
considered to be relatively diffuse owing to skull dispersion. However, we show that electric …

Despite the widespread use of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), the precise cortical
locations underlying the resulting physiological and behavioral effects are still only coarsely …

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that
activates neurons via generation of brief pulses of high-intensity magnetic field. If these …

The spatial extent of the effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on neural tissue is
only coarsely understood. One key problem is the realistic calculation of the electric field …

Although numerous published reports have demonstrated the beneficial effects of
transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) on task performance, fundamental questions …

In transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), knowledge of the distribution of the induced
electric field is fundamental for a better understanding of the position and extent of the …

In this issue, Moliadze and colleagues investigate the role of electrode montage in the
induction of acute lasting excitability changes by transcranial Direction Current Stimulation …