BackgroundPoor mental health has consistently been associated with substance use
(smoking, alcohol drinking, cannabis use, and consumption of caffeinated drinks). To …

The goal of much observational research is to identify risk factors that have a causal effect
on health and social outcomes. However, observational data are subject to biases from …

Objectives A systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the association between
active maternal smoking and cleft lip and palate etiology. Data sources Medline, Embase …

This study aims to disentangle the contribution of genetic liability, educational attainment
(EA), and their overlap and interaction in lifetime smoking. We conducted genome-wide …

Background Mendelian randomization has been previously used to estimate the effects of
binary and ordinal categorical exposures—eg Type 2 diabetes or educational attainment …

A bstract B ackground There are documented links between substance use and poor
educational outcomes. However, less is known about electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use in …

Background Guidance to improve fertility includes reducing alcohol and caffeine
consumption, achieving healthy weight-range and stopping smoking. Advice is informed by …

Researchers have associated cannabis use with risk for psychosis, cognitive impairment,
and traffic accident. However, this review shows that the association between moderate …

Knowledge of the impact of smoking on healthcare costs is important for establishing the
external effects of smoking and for evaluating policies intended to modify this behavior …

Despite reducing rates of cardiovascular disease in high income countries, individuals who
are the most socioeconomically deprived remain at the highest risk of disease. The …