The entomology literature has historically suggested insects cannot feel pain, leading to
their exclusion from ethical debates and animal welfare legislation. However, there may be …

Reward learning in honeybees initiates a sequence of events which leads to long-lasting
memory passing through multiple phases of transient memories. The study of memory …

In a classical conditioning procedure, honeybees associate an odor with sucrose resulting in
the capacity of the odor to evoke an appetitive response, the extension of the proboscis …

The mushroom body (MB) of the insect brain has important roles in odor learning and
memory and in diverse other brain functions. To elucidate the anatomical basis underlying …

Insects possess miniature brains but exhibit a sophisticated behavioral repertoire. Recent
studies have reported the existence of unsuspected cognitive capabilities in various insect …

Despite public claims to the contrary, our functional understanding of the brain is still
rudimentary. Starting with FJ Gall's Phrenology of the late eighteenth century, one of the …

In both insect and vertebrate olfactory systems only two synapses separate the sensory
periphery from brain areas required for memory formation and the organisation of behaviour …

Studies of the mushroom bodies of Drosophila melanogaster have suggested that their
gamma lobes specifically support short‐term memory, whereas their vertical lobes are …

Concepts act as a cornerstone of human cognition. Humans and non-human primates learn
conceptual relationships such as 'same','different','larger than','better than', among others. In …

The world is permanently changing. Laboratory experiments on learning and memory
normally minimize this feature of reality, keeping all conditions except the conditioned and …