MiRNA is a type of small non-coding RNA, by regulating downstream gene expression that
affects the progression of multiple diseases, especially cancer. MiRNA can participate in the …

Simple Summary The cancer-immunity cycle is characterized by various stimulatory and
inhibitory factors, which together regulate the immune response and halt the extreme …

Simple Summary Immunotherapy is a rapidly advancing field in breast cancer treatment,
however, it encounters many obstacles that leave open gateways for breast cancer cells to …

Tumor immune escape is a critical step in the malignant progression of tumors and one of
the major barriers to immunotherapy, making immunotherapy the most promising …

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second most lethal cancer and a leading cause of
cancer-related mortality worldwide. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) significantly …

Simple Summary The cross-talk between neoplastic cells and microenvironment is known to
play a crucial role in tumor development as well as in the phenomenon of resistance to …

Cancer immunotherapy is a growing field nowadays. Among different molecular pathways,
PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway plays a significant role in the regulation of immune …

Breast cancer is the leading cause of death in women from 20 to 59 years old. The
conventional treatment includes surgery, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and …

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the prevalent cancers among women. Generally, the treatment
of BC is mostly based on several prominent strategies, including chemotherapy, surgery …

The potency of tumor-specific antigen (TSA) vaccines, such as neoantigen (neoAg)-based
cancer vaccines, can be compromised by host immune checkpoint inhibitory mechanisms …