The role of serotonin in food intake has been studied for decades. Food intake is mainly
regulated by two brain circuitries:(i) the homeostatic circuitry, which matches energy intake …

This review summarizes the brain mechanisms controlling sleep and wakefulness.
Wakefulness promoting systems cause low-voltage, fast activity in the …

Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder caused by deficiency of orexin signaling. However, the
neural mechanisms by which deficient orexin signaling causes the abnormal rapid eye …

The orexin-A/hypocretin-1 and orexin-B/hypocretin-2 are neuropeptides synthesized by a
cluster of neurons in the lateral hypothalamus and perifornical area. Orexin neurons receive …

Sleep and wakefulness are regulated to occur at appropriate times that are in accordance
with our internal and external environments. Avoiding danger and finding food, which are life …

The locus coeruleus (LC) is the major noradrenergic nucleus of the brain, giving rise to
fibres innervating extensive areas throughout the neuraxis. Recent advances in …

The central noradrenergic neurone, like the peripheral sympathetic neurone, is
characterized by a diffusely arborizing terminal axonal network. The central neurones …

Mammals respond to reduced food availability by becoming more wakeful and active, yet the
central pathways regulating arousal and instinctual motor programs (such as food seeking) …

The locus coeruleus-noradrenergic system supplies norepinephrine throughout the central
nervous system. State-dependent neuronal discharge activity of locus coeruleus …

Micropipette recording with juxtacellular Neurobiotin ejection, linked micropipette-microwire
recording, and antidromic and orthodromic activation from the ventral tegmental area and …