The tumor accumulation of nanomedicines relies on the enhanced permeability and
retention (EPR) effect. In the last 5–10 years, it has been increasingly recognized that there …

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a barrier that separates the blood from the brain tissue and
possesses unique characteristics that make the delivery of drugs to the brain a great …

Cancer is a leading cause of death in many countries around the world. However, the
efficacy of current standard treatments for a variety of cancers is suboptimal. First, most …

Cancer represents a group of heterogeneous diseases characterized by uncontrolled
growth and spread of abnormal cells, ultimately leading to death. Nanomedicine plays a …

The first closed bilayer phospholipid systems, called liposomes, were described in 1965 and
soon were proposed as drug delivery systems. The pioneering work of countless liposome …

Chemotherapy, a major strategy for cancer treatment, lacks the specificity to localize the
cancer therapeutics in the tumor site, thereby affecting normal healthy tissues and …

The integrin αvβ3 plays an important role in angiogenesis. It is expressed on tumoral
endothelial cells as well as on some tumor cells. RGD peptides are well-known to bind …

Because of the particular characteristics of the tumor microenvironment and tumor
angiogenesis, it is possible to design drug delivery systems that specifically target anti …

The chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is a simple, highly vascularized
extraembryonic membrane, which performs multiple functions during embryonic …

Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)(PLGA) is one of the most effective biodegradable polymeric
nanoparticles (NPs). It has been approved by the US FDA to use in drug delivery systems …