Genetic predisposition to multiple sclerosis (MS) only explains a fraction of the disease risk;
lifestyle and environmental factors are key contributors to the risk of MS. Importantly, these …

Over the past few years, MRI has become an indispensable tool for diagnosing multiple
sclerosis (MS). However, the current MRI criteria for MS diagnosis have imperfect sensitivity …

Cigarette smoke (CS) causes considerable morbidity and mortality by inducing cancer,
chronic lung and vascular diseases, and oral disease. Despite the well-recognized risks …

Lifestyle and environmental factors potently influence the risk of multiple sclerosis (MS),
because genetic predisposition only explains a fraction of the risk increase. There is strong …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease with an inflammatory and neurodegenerative
pathology. Axonal loss and neurodegeneration occurs early in the disease course and may …

The association between smoke habit and autoimmunity has been hypothesized a long time
ago. Smoke has been found to play a pathogenic role in certain autoimmune disease as it …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disabling disease of the central nervous system
commonly affecting young adults. Pathologically, there are patches of inflammation …

B cells and antibodies account for the most prominent immunodiagnostic feature in patients
with multiple sclerosis (MS), namely oligoclonal bands. Furthermore, evidence is …

Importance Cigarette smoking is a common environmental exposure and addiction, which
has severe health consequences. Smoking is a risk factor for multiple sclerosis (MS); also …

Background The breakdown of the blood-brain-barrier vascular endothelium is critical for
entry of immune cells into the MS brain. Vascular co-morbidities are associated with …