Recent advances in biomaterials, microfabrication, microfluidics, and cell biology have led to
the development of organ-on-a-chip devices that can reproduce key functions of various …

Organs-on-a-chip, or OoCs, are microfluidic tissue culture devices with micro-scaled
architectures that repeatedly achieve biomimicry of biological phenomena. They are well …

Bio‐hybrid technologies aim to replicate the unique capabilities of biological systems that
could surpass advanced artificial technologies. Soft bio‐hybrid robots consist of synthetic …

Neurological disorders are the leading cause of disability and the second largest cause of
death worldwide. Despite significant research efforts, neurology remains one of the most …

Since the advent of organ-on-a-chip, many researchers have tried to mimic the physiology of
human tissue on an engineered platform. In the case of brain tissue, structural connections …

This review provides a comprehensive overview on the biomedical applications of electrical
stimulation (EStim). EStim has a wide range of direct effects on both biomolecules and cells …

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) has been widely adopted to elicit muscle contraction
in rehabilitation training after spinal cord injury (SCI). Conventional FES modalities include …

The neural circuits of the central nervous system are the regulatory pathways for feeling,
motion control, learning, and memory, and their dysfunction is closely related to various …

In the last few decades, adverse reactions to pharmaceuticals have been evaluated using
2D in vitro models and animal models. However, with increasing computational power, and …

As an ideal in vitro model, brain‐on‐chip (BoC) is an important tool to comprehensively
elucidate brain characteristics. However, the in vitro model for the definition scope of BoC …