Use of a reference electrode (RE) in Li-ion batteries (LIBs) aims to enable quantitative
evaluation of various electrochemical aspects of operation such as:(i) the distinct …

Electrochemical energy storage systems play an increasingly important role in our daily
lives. The detection/estimation of the state of electrochemical cells is therefore a prerequisite …

Lithium-metal batteries are a promising technology to address the emerging demand for
high-energy-density storage systems. However, their cycling encounters a low Coulombic …

The performance of the Li-mediated ammonia synthesis has progressed dramatically since
its recent reintroduction. However, fundamental understanding of this reaction is slower …

High-voltage Li-ion batteries have been extensively studied to increase energy density of
batteries. However, their cycling stability has remained poor, despite various strategies …

Fluorinated carbons (CF x) have the highest energy density as the cathode of lithium primary
battery. They demonstrate distinct behaviors in different electrolytes. While, the reaction …

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are considered as a promising candidate to replace lithium-ion
batteries (LIBs) in large-scale energy storage applications. Abundant sodium resources and …

Sodium‐ion batteries (NIBs) are promising energy‐storage devices with advantages such as
low cost and highly abundant raw materials. To probe the electrochemical properties of …

Achievement of carbon neutrality requires the development of electrochemical technologies
suitable for practical energy storage and conversion. In any electrochemical system …

This review provides an accessible analysis of the processes on reference electrodes and
their applications in Li-ion and next generation batteries research. It covers fundamentals …