Membrane technologies have been widely applied in water treatment, wastewater
reclamation and seawater desalination. Feed spacer present in spiral wound membrane …

A major problem for the operation of membrane based water treatment systems is fouling of
the membrane surface. Within industrial modules, such as spiral wound modules, feed …

This study investigates the potential of surface-patterned membranes in replacing the
conventional feed spacer-assisted filtration process. Two types of surface patterns, namely …

Because of the uneven distribution of fresh water in time and space, a large number of
regions are experiencing water scarcity and stress. Membrane based desalination …

Abstract 3D printing offers the flexibility to achieve favorable spacer geometrical
modification. The role of 3D printed spacers for organic fouling mitigation in direct contact …

Reverse osmosis (RO) is the most widely used desalination technology for both seawater
and brackish water. Unfortunately, RO remains an energy intensive technology despite the …

Feed spacer is universally used in spiral-wound nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis
(RO) membrane modules. It can separate membrane sheets, create flow channels, promote …

Microbial desalination cells (MDCs) have been experimentally proven as a versatile
bioelectrochemical system (BES). They have the potential to alleviate environmental …

Membrane biofouling is a major hindrance limiting the efficiency of spiral wound membrane
(SWM) module for water treatment. Feed spacer is an imperative component of SWM …

To find a balance between feed flow rate and energy penalty, the hydrodynamic effects of
non-uniform feed spacer structures on energy loss and mass transfer in spiral wound …