PD1 was originally discovered in 1992 as a molecule associated with activation-induced cell
death in T cells. Over the past 30 years, it was found that PD1 has a critical role in avoiding …

The T cell compartment of adaptive immunity provides vertebrates with the potential to
survey for and respond specifically to an incredible diversity of antigens. The T cell …

Background Loss of donor-mediated immune antitumor activity after allogeneic
hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) permits relapse of hematologic cancers. We …

Abstract Programmed death-1 ligand (PD-L) 1 and PD-L2 are ligands for programmed death-
1 (PD-1), a member of the CD28/CTLA4 family expressed on activated lymphoid cells. PD-1 …

The discovery of multiple costimulatory cell surface molecules that influence the course of T
cell activation has increased our appreciation of the complexity of the T cell response. It …

CD28 and CTLA-4 engagement with B7 expressed by APCs generates critical regulatory
signals for T cell activation. CD28 is expressed on the T cell surface and enhances T cell …

The reported affinity differences between CD28 and CTLA-4 binding to B7-1 and B7-2 may
serve to selectively regulate CD28 and CTLA-4 function by differentially recruiting and/or …

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the most common cancers worldwide, is often
diagnosed at an advanced stage when most potentially curative therapies such as resection …

Inactivated vaccines require adjuvants to stimulate an immune response. The choice of
adjuvant or immune enhancer determines whether the immune response is effective …

Targeting immune checkpoint receptors has emerged as an effective strategy to induce
immune-mediated cancer regression in the subset of patients who have significant pre …