Originating in the equatorial Pacific, the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has highly
consequential global impacts, motivating the need to understand its responses to …

Abstract The 2019/20 Black Summer bushfire disaster in southeast Australia was
unprecedented: the extensive area of forest burnt, the radiative power of the fires, and the …

This chapter assesses simulations of future global climate change, spanning time horizons
from the near term (2021–2040), mid-term (2041–2060), and long term (2081–2100) out to …

The AR5 concluded that human influence on the climate system is clear, evident from
increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, positive radiative forcing …

Abstract The climate of South America (SA) has long held an intimate connection with El
Niño, historically describing anomalously warm sea-surface temperatures off the coastline of …

Over the modern satellite era, substantial climatic changes have been observed in the
Antarctic, including atmospheric and oceanic warming, ice sheet thinning and a general …

Abstract Initialized Earth System predictions are made by starting a numerical prediction
model in a state as consistent as possible to observations and running it forward in time for …

BACKGROUND Tropical Pacific decadal climate variability and change (TPDV) affects the
global climate system, extreme weather events, agricultural production, streamflow, marine …

Abstract Interactions among the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans through ocean–
atmosphere coupling can initiate and/or modulate climate variability. The Pacific Ocean is …

Abstract Changes in the zonal gradients of sea surface temperature (SST) across the
equatorial Pacific have major consequences for global climate. Therefore, accurate future …