A strong relationship exists between tumor and inflammation, which is the hot point in cancer
research. Inflammation can promote the occurrence and development of cancer by …

Simple Summary The tumor microenvironment is a complex network comprised of
neoplastic and a variety of immune cells, proteins, and inflammatory mediators. Previous …

Statement of Retraction We, the Publisher of Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, have
retracted the following article: Manuela Gonzalez-Aparicio and Carlos Alfaro,“Significance of …

Exosomes constitute small extracellular vesicles that contain lipids, proteins, nucleic acids,
and glycoconjugates from the secreted cells and are capable of transmitting signals …

Purpose: The dynamic interplay between glioblastoma stem cells (GSC) and tumor-
associated macrophages (TAM) sculpts the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) and …

Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with a significant
immune component, as demonstrated by changes in immune biomarkers in patients' …

Cytokines play an essential role in the control of tumor cell development and multiplication.
However, the available literature provides ambiguous data on the involvement of these …

Objectives Glioma is the most common tumor of the central nervous system. In this review,
we outline the immunobiological factors that interact with glioma cells and tumor …

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) is the causative pathogen of porcine
pleuropneumonia, a highly contagious respiratory disease in the pig industry. The …

Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene (K-ras) is a well-documented, frequently mutated gene in
lung cancer. Since K-ras regulates numerous signaling pathways related to cell survival and …