This paper investigates the comparability between the video-conferencing and face-to-face
modes of the IELTS Speaking Test in terms of scores and language functions generated by …

This chapter on measuring L2 speaking has three main focuses:(a) construct
representation,(b) test methods and task design, and (c) scoring and feedback. It traces the …

The COVID-19 pandemic presented testing companies with a range of difficulties in 2020, to
be overcome under significant time pressures. Rapid introduction and expansion of online …

Nonverbal behavior is essential in human interaction (Gullberg, de Bot, & Volterra, 2008;
McNeill, 1992, 2005). For second language speakers, nonverbal features can be helpful for …

Videoconferencing is increasingly being explored as an alternative to face-to-face speaking
interactions for both low-and high-stakes second language (L2) assessment contexts. The …

This chapter will outline the importance and key challenges in piloting test items and tasks
prior to a live (operational) test administration. It will discuss the relevance of pre-operational …

This dissertation explores the feasibility of using mobile-based, context-aware augmented
reality (MAR) technology as a new mode of second language speaking assessment. It …

The socio-cognitive framework (Weir, 2005) is a model used to guide test development,
research, and validation–including considerations of test use and consequences. Its central …

Technology has changed the language assessment landscape over the past several
decades, driving research innovation and revolutionising possibilities and practice for …

Semi-direct speaking tests have become an increasingly favored method of assessing
spoken performance in recent years. Underpinning evidence for their continued …