Information integration and consciousness are closely related, if not interdependent. But,
what exactly is the nature of their relation? Which forms of integration require …

Here we review studies on the complexity and strength of unconscious information
processing. We focus on empirical evidence that relates awareness of information to …

It is well known that top–down expectations affect perceptual processes. Yet, remarkably
little is known about the relationship between expectations and conscious awareness. We …

Integrative processing is traditionally believed to be dependent on consciousness. While
earlier studies within the last decade reported many types of integration under subliminal …

It is debated whether the meaning of invisible pictures can be processed unconsciously. We
tested whether pictures of animals or objects presented under backward masking or …

Stimuli can be rendered invisible using a variety of methods and the method selected to
demonstrate unconscious processing in a given study often appears to be arbitrary. Here …

There is currently no consensus regarding what measures are most valid to demonstrate
perceptual processing without awareness. Likewise, whether conscious perception and …

Research on the limits of unconscious processing typically relies on the subliminal-prime
paradigm. However, this paradigm is limited in the issues it can address. Here, we examined …

Facing response conflict, subjects try to improve their responses by reducing the influence of
the detrimental information which caused the conflict. It was speculated that this adaptation …

One widely used scientific approach to studying consciousness involves contrasting
conscious operations with unconscious ones. However, challenges in establishing the …