Costs of defense are central to our understanding of interactions between organisms and
their environment, and defensive phenotypes of plants have long been considered to be …

Prey seldom rely on a single type of antipredator defence, often using multiple defences to
avoid predation. In many cases, selection in different contexts may favour the evolution of …

Leaf size varies by over a 100,000-fold among species worldwide. Although 19th-century
plant geographers noted that the wet tropics harbor plants with exceptionally large leaves …

Earth harbours an extraordinary plant phenotypic diversity that is at risk from ongoing global
changes,. However, it remains unknown how increasing aridity and livestock grazing …

Tropical East Asia is home to over one billion people and faces massive human impacts
from its rising population and rapid economic growth. It has already lost more than half of its …

Herbivore‐induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) are critical compounds that directly or indirectly
regulate the tritrophic interactions among herbivores, natural enemies and plants. The …

Unconstrained ordination is commonly used in ecology to visualize multivariate data, in
particular, to visualize the main trends between different sites in terms of their species …

Plant defense theory explores how plants invest in defenses against natural enemies but
has focused primarily on the traits expressed by juvenile and mature plants. Here we …

Background Food spoilage is caused by the undesirable growth of spoilage microorganisms
in food products. This spoilage can lead to the global loss and waste of food. It is estimated …

Plants live in association with a diversity of soil microorganisms, which are extremely
important in affecting plant growth and soil biogeochemical cycling. By adopting plant trait …