Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer comprise the leading
causes of lung disease-related mortality worldwide. Exposure to tobacco smoke is a mutual …

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a severe malignant brain cancer with poor overall survival.
Conventional intervention remains dismal to prevent recurrence and deterioration of GBM …

Background Patients with squamous non-small-cell lung cancer that is refractory to multiple
treatments have poor outcomes. We assessed the activity of nivolumab, a fully human IgG4 …

Background Tumor programmed death ligand one (PD-L1) expression has been studied in
several trials in non-small-cell lung cancer. Methods We assessed the potential role of PD …

Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors improve outcomes compared with chemotherapy
in lung cancer. Tumor PD-L1 receptor expression is being studied as a predictive biomarker …

BACKGROUND: Recent clinical trial results have suggested that programmed cell death
ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression measured by immunohistochemistry may predict response to …

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain tumor with poor
prognosis, and currently effective therapeutic strategies are still limited. Although …

Abstract Background Expression of PD-L1 is the most investigated predictor of benefit from
immune checkpoint blockade in advanced NSCLC but little is known about the association …

Immuno checkpoint inhibitors have ushered in a new era with respect to the treatment of
advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Many patients are not suitable for treatment with …

Lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer as well as the leading cause of cancer-
related deaths worldwide. To date, surgery is the first choice treatment, but most clinically …