It has been over 20 years since JUN amino-terminal kinases (JNKs) were identified as
protein kinases that are strongly activated by cellular stress and that have a key role in …

Ginkgo biloba is among the most favourite and best explored herbal drugs. Standardized
extracts of Ginkgo biloba represent the only herbal alternative to synthetic antidementia …

Minocycline, a semisynthetic tetracycline derivative, protects brain against global and focal
ischemia in rodents. We examined whether minocycline reduces excitotoxicity in primary …

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a lipid peroxidation target in oxidative injury to retinal
pigment epithelium (RPE) and retina. Photoreceptor and synaptic membranes share the …

Neurotrophins activate several different intracellular signaling pathways that in some way
exert neuroprotective effects. In vitro studies of sympathetic and cerebellar granule neurons …

HIV-1 glycoprotein gp120 induces injury and apoptosis in rodent and human neurons in
vitro and in vivo and is therefore thought to contribute to HIV-associated dementia. In …

Platelet-activating factor (PAF, 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) is a
biologically active phospholipid mediator. Although PAF was initially recognized for its …

An increasing body of evidence suggested that intracellular lipid metabolism is dramatically
perturbed in various cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases with genetic and …

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) have crucial roles in signal transduction from the
cell surface to the nucleus and regulate cell death and survival. Recent papers support the …

p38 is a member of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase superfamily and mediates
intracellular signal transduction. Recent studies suggest that p38 is involved in apoptotic …