Animal venoms have evolved over millions of years for prey capture and defense from
predators and rivals. Snake venoms, in particular, have evolved a wide diversity of peptides …

Snake venoms are heterogeneous mixtures of proteins and peptides used for prey
subjugation. With modern proteomics there has been a rapid expansion in our knowledge of …

Nature endowed snakes with a lethal secretion known as venom, which has been fine-tuned
over millions of years of evolution. Snakes utilize venom to subdue their prey and to survive …

Snake venom three-finger α-neurotoxins (α-3FNTx) act on postsynaptic nicotinic
acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) to produce skeletal …

Lancehead pit-vipers (Bothrops genus) are an extremely diverse and medically important
group responsible for the greatest number of snakebite envenomations and deaths in South …

Toxins and venom components that target voltage-gated sodium (Na V) channels have
evolved numerous times due to the importance of this class of ion channels in the normal …

Venom is a key evolutionary trait, as evidenced by its widespread convergent evolution
across the animal kingdom. In an escalating prey-predator arms race, venoms evolve rapidly …

Three-finger toxins (TFTs) comprise one of largest families of snake venom toxins. While
they are principal to and the most toxic components of the venoms of the Elapidae snake …

Venomous animals including cone snails, spiders, scorpions, anemones, and snakes have
evolved a myriad of components in their venoms that target the opening and/or closing of …

Snake venom research has focused on front-fanged venomous snakes because of the high
incidence of human morbidity and mortality from envenomations and larger venom yields of …