The discovery of robust antidepressant actions exerted by the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor
(NMDAR) antagonist (R, S)-ketamine has been a crucial breakthrough in mood disorder …

Depression is the third leading cause of disability in the world. Depressive symptoms may
be reduced within several weeks after the start of conventional antidepressants, but …

Identification of intrinsic brain activity differences and similarities between major depression
(MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) is necessary. However, results have not yet yielded …

Alterations in glutamatergic neurotransmission are implicated in the pathophysiology of
depression, and the glutamatergic system represents a treatment target for depression. To …

Mounting evidence indicates that inflammatory cytokines contribute to the development of
depression in both medically ill and medically healthy individuals. Cytokines are important …

The pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD) is thought to result from impaired
connectivity between key brain networks. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the key …

Half a century after the first formulation of the monoamine hypothesis, compelling evidence
implies that long-term changes in an array of brain areas and circuits mediating complex …

Background The N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor antagonist ketamine, delivered
via an intravenous route, has shown rapid antidepressant effects in patients with treatment …

The potential contribution of chronic inflammation to the development of neuropsychiatric
disorders such as major depression has received increasing attention. Elevated biomarkers …

Astrocytes are key active elements of the brain that contribute to information processing.
They not only provide neurons with metabolic and structural support, but also regulate …