Among the several biofilm-based bioreactors, moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBR) have
been extensively used for wastewater treatment due to low operational costs, technical …

Petroleum refinery wastewater (PRW) is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, sulphides,
ammonia, oils, suspended and dissolved solids, and heavy metals. As these pollutants are …

Industrial production processes, especially petroleum processing, will produce high
concentration phenolic wastewater. Traditional wastewater treatment technology is costly …

Extensive growth of industries leads to uncontrolled ammonia releases to environment. This
can result in significant degradation of the aquatic ecology as well as significant health …

The increase in the generation of wastewater along with the presence of different recalcitrant
pollutants has stressed the existing conventional biological treatment systems beyond …

Leather post-tanning is responsible for producing effluents that are difficult to treat due to
several recalcitrant pollutants. Dyes, tannins, and fatliquoring agents are mainly related to …

Dyes are an important class of organic pollutants and are well known for their adverse
effects on aquatic life and human beings. In this work, an effort has been made to treat the …

The tannery industry plays a significant role in the economy but poses a severe
environmental threat due to its high water and chemical usage, leading to wastewater …

Decentralized wastewater treatment warrants considerable development in numerous
countries and regions. Owing to the unique characteristics of high ammonia nitrogen …

The extensive growth and development of industrial segments have escalated the discharge
of huge quantities of phenolic pollutants into the aquatic environment. Phenolic chemicals …