Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and calcium (Ca2+) signalling are interconnected in the
perception and transmission of environmental signals that control plant growth, development …

Plants are constantly exposed to a wide range of potential pathogens and to protect
themselves, have developed a variety of chemical and physical defense mechanisms …

Cell walls are essential for plant growth and development, providing support and protection
from external environments. Callose is a glucan that accumulates in specialized cell wall …

Plant β-glucanases are enzymes involved in the synthesis, remodelling and turnover of cell
wall components during multiple physiological processes. Based on the type of the …

The perennial life strategy of temperate trees relies on establishing a dormant stage during
winter to survive unfavorable conditions. To overcome this dormant stage, trees require cool …

Plants use nitrate and ammonium as major nitrogen (N) sources, each affecting root
development through different mechanisms. However, the exact signaling pathways …

Recognition and repair of damaged tissue are an integral part of life. The failure of cells and
tissues to appropriately respond to damage can lead to severe dysfunction and disease …

Woody perennials enter seasonal dormancy to avoid unfavorable environmental conditions.
Plant hormones are the critical mediators regulating this complex process, which is subject …

Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient for plants, and its storage in the apoplast represents
an important Fe pool. Plants have developed various strategies to reutilize this apoplastic Fe …

The two main glucan polymers cellulose and callose in plant cell wall are synthesized at the
plasma membrane by cellulose or callose synthase complexes. Cellulose is the prevalent …