In the United States stroke is the third leading cause of death and the leading cause of
disability. Brain injury following stroke results from the complex interplay of multiple …

This article provides the first extensive documentation of the dose response features of pre-
and postconditioning. Pre-and postconditioning studies with rigorous study designs, using …

Intraperitoneal injection of the Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
elicits a rapid innate immune response. While this systemic inflammatory response can be …

The key roles of toll-like receptors (TLRs) as mediators of the detection and responses of
immune cells to invading pathogens are well known. There are at least 13 mammalian TLRs …

In Part I, hormetic doses of a variety of agents stimulated adaptive responses that
conditioned and protected cells against the subsequent toxicity resulting from a second …

The innate immune system plays a dualistic role in the evolution of ischemic brain damage
and has also been implicated in ischemic tolerance produced by different conditioning …

The transcription factor NF-κB is a key regulator of hundreds of genes involved in cell
survival and inflammation. There is ample evidence that NF-κB is activated in cerebral …

Epigenetic modifications, including changes in DNA methylation, lead to altered gene
expression and thus may underlie epileptogenesis via induction of permanent changes in …

Inflammation is a classical host defence response to infection and injury that has many
beneficial effects. However, inappropriate (in time, place and magnitude) inflammation is …

Microglia are resident CNS immune cells that are active sensors in healthy brain and
versatile effectors under pathological conditions. Cerebral ischemia induces a robust …